Test Review Booklet Short Answers

**Please refer to PINK Review Booklet for questions

Immigrant Experience

1) Scottish: replaced by sheep – farmers wanted to produce more wool

Irish: Potato Famine – potatoes died because of disease 1845-9

English: Industrial Revolution – replaced by machines; British government kicked out the poor people

American Black Slaves: Slavery

PULL FACTORS: English advertisements (cheap land, better opportunities) – Romanticize (to make something look good)

2) Coffin Ships
-Cholera/disease
-Bathrooms
-Bunks (strangers, whole families)
-Food
-Overcrowded – filthy, dirty
-Steerage – below deck, where cargo is stored
-Dead bodies overboard

3) Impact of Social Class
-Upper Canada – difficult to find cheap, good servants
-“Leveling”*** > younger immigrants coming had to do the hard labor because there weren’t any servants; unlike in England, they now rely on everyone (both lower and higher social class) to do work
-“Stifling” > rich are getting richer, poor are getting poorer

4) Life of an Immigrant recently arrived in Canada
-Quarantined – checked for diseases
-Checked-in, customs
-Scam artists, thieves
-Main destination is land – travel by foot, wagon, train
-Land problems*** (scarce, land speculators, crown/clergy reserves – lands set aside)
-Clearing the land
-Key terms: debt, mortgage

5) Causes/Impacts of the Underground Railroad
-Slavery – escape for freedom
-Abolitionist (abolish slavery/against slavery) – Provided safe – houses
-Increased population of immigrants > racism/discrimination > “community within a community”

6) Complaints immigrants had upon their first years in the Canadas
-False advertisements about good, cheap land
-Land was scarce, too expensive (key terms: speculators, reserves)
-Reserves – blocked road development, tied up land
-Debt/mortgage
-Oligarchy

7) Impact of immigration on Aboriginal communities
-Population growth – forced them to move further in land
-Conflicted with resources, land and opportunity

Rebellion Section

1) Explain causes of UPPER CANADA/UC rebellion

-Oligarchy – veto power, Family Compact
-Land problems – Speculators, reserves
-Transportation Issues

2) Causes of LOWER CANADA rebellion
-Oligarchy – veto power, Chateau Clique
-Threatened French inhabitants (language, Roman Catholic, agricultural system)
-English-speaking population growth > French discrimination
-Eastern Townships (not as important)

3) UC: William Lyon Mackenzie
LC: Louis-Joseph Papineau

4) Representative government: representatives elected on behalf of the people to make laws
Responsible government**: representatives (elected) can be voted out if they fail to please the majority

Colonial government: OLIGARCHY

5) Impact of Lord Durham’s Report
-Act of Union 1840 – Upper and Lower Canada united ** What is problematic about that? French vs. English 
-ASSIMILATE – absorb the French up – French are unhappy – they lose their traditions (language, religion, land system)

6) Tory > Conserve/Conservatives >>>>> Oppose change >>>> Support British government/members of the Family Compact

Moderate Reformer > change through LEGAL means

Radical Reformer > fast, sudden change, VIOLENT means

Unit Key Terms - Immigration & Rebellion

Immigration Key Terms	Definition & Significance
Settlers	-From Great Britain, U.S., Ireland, Scotland, other European countries -Left for adventure, better opportunities, ran from religious or political prosecution
Debt	-Pioneers owed huge debts to merchants because they mortgaged (loaned) their crops for supplies -It took years to raise a crop and make money
Social Class	-Upper Canada: “leveled” people; changed their priority -Many younger children of English aristocrats had to do labor (unlike in Europe where there is overpopulation and servants easy to come by) -Most settlers needed their neighbors; settled and socialized no matter what background
Romanticize	-To make something look good, satisfying -The “promising” advertisements that lured immigrants to Canada
Immigration	-Term for newcomers to Canada -The Great Migration 1815-1850
Land Speculators	-Bought property at a low price and sold at a higher price -Many were part of the Family Compact -Kept land off the market; laws of supply and demand -Farmers complained about high-cost of land or no available land
Coffin Ships	-A death ship; dead bodies thrown overboard -Immigrant settlers in the steerage -Died from disease
Steerage	-Below deck, where cargo normally stored -Immigrants during the Great Migration put here
Underground Railroad	-Above ground escape routes for American Black slaves -Used to escape slavery and immigrate to Canada from U.S.
Scottish Highlanders	-Tenant farmers/Immigrants from Scotland -Driven from their land -Landlords eager to replace them with sheep to supply factories with wool
Great Britain	-Most immigrants from Scotland, Ireland, England
Overcrowded	-Describe “steerage” on coffin ships
Townships	-Areas set aside for settlement -Eastern Townships – the region of south central Quebec between Montreal and Quebec City
Upper Canada	-“Up” the St. Lawrence River; part of present-day Ontario -Main language was English
Tenant Farmers	-Farmers who worked on the land owned by another -From Ireland and Scotland -Immigrated as a change to own a farm and escape their country’s class system
Great Britain	-Country where the majority of immigrants came from -Upper and Lower Canada were colonies of Great Britain in the 19th century
Food	-“The Immigrant Experience” -British and French ships made them cook their meals -German ships cooked them meals -What type of foods did they eat?
Bunks	-Forced to share with strangers, female or male -What is a donkey’s breakfast?
Cholera	-Water-borne disease that caused many immigrant deaths on the coffin ships
Overcrowded	-“The Immigrant Experience” -What was its consequence on the coffin ships?
Bathroom Facilities	-“The Immigrant Experience” -1 in every 100 people shared a bathroom; usually on-deck, so unable to go if it was very bad weather -Increased disease and illness
Loyalists	-Americans who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution -Forced to immigrate and settle to Canada -Most became members of the Family Compact
Slavery	-Upper Canada became a refuge for Black Americans escaping slavery -“The Underground Railroad” -Few found acceptance in Canada – settled in remote areas
Industrial Revolution	-Period of major growth from the 18th-19th century -Forced English to immigrate to Canada; replaced by machines
Mortgage	-To use as security on a loan -“Pioneer Life” -Families struggled with debt to merchants; mortgaged their crops to obtain supplies
Clearing Land	-First task for pioneers -Not enough good land available -Took a family 20 or more years to clear a 25-hectare farm
Irish Potato Famine	-Irish immigrants driven from their land -From 1845-9 their potato crops were destroyed by disease -Potatoes were their main food source
Horses/Oxen	-What do you think people used these for? Transportation? Labor?
Oil Parchment	-Used for windows in homes -Translucent, but not transparent
Church	-Important aspect of the pioneer life and communities -Clergy members travelled to communities for lessons -The Anglican Church had clergy reserves, which were lands set aside to provide income -These reserves blocked road development, causing much grief for settlers – caused value of land to rise even higher
Aboriginals	-Conflicted with the pioneers who wanted to settle their lands -Pushed further inland to settle -Involved in the fur trade struggle between two major companies: Hudson’s Bay Company vs. Northwest Company
Reserves	-Value of land depended on supply and demand -Land speculators kept huge parcels of land off the market -The less good land that is available, the higher its value
Fiddle	-Musical instrument -Used at occasional parties or important social events such as weddings and christenings -Aspect of pioneer social life

Rebellion Key Terms	Definition & Significance
Union	-1822 Union Bill of Upper and Lower Canada -Outraged French-speaking majority of Lower Canada -Would place them in a position of minority in the new Parliament
Aristocrats	-People of the highest social class in society -Privileged landowners; maintained ties with British government -Family Compact & Chateau Clique
Revolt	-Renounce allegiance or subjection to the government -Reformers revolted in both Upper and Lower Canada
Moderate Reformer	-Wanted change through legal means -Never wanted to break away from Britain -Supported Responsible government
Lord Durham	-Governor-in-Chief of the Canadas -Investigated the situation and recommended solutions -Durham’s Report: Union, Responsible Gov, Assimilate the French
Skirmish	-An unorganized battle -British government vs. insurgents (rebels)
Radical Reformer	-Wanted change immediately through violence -Wanted new and independent government -The rebels in the Canadas
Public Meetings	-Campaigns by rebellion leaders to gain widespread support
92 Resolutions	-1834 document drafted by Louis-Joseph Papineau -Long series of demands for political reforms -Government responds with Ten Resolutions, forcing reformers to rebel
Patriotes	-French-speaking reformers in Lower Canada -Led by Papineau
Ten Resolutions	-Government’s response to the 92 Resolutions -Denied the rights of the Legislative Assembly and ordinary people
Louis Joseph Papineau	-Leader of the French-speaking Reformers (Patriotes) in Lower Canada -Led attacks on English-speaking Chateau Clique -Led the Rebellion in Lower Canada
Education	-Part of social class -Educated settlers from Europe remained loyal to Britain
Tory	-Friends and supporters of the Family Compact -Known as Conservatives to conserve existing form of government -Opposed change; supported British government
Governor	-Appointed by the British king -Appointed members to the councils -Part of the oligarchy
Role of the Church (LC)	-Brought communities together for lessons -Disapproved of armed rebellion, so many Patriotes refused to fight – one reason for its failure
Chateau Clique	-Ruling elite (wealthy/high social class) in Lower Canada -Part of the oligarchy
Seigneurial System	-Farming system from New France -French-speaking inhabitants in Lower Canada wanted to preserve this system -Felt threatened by the English’s landholding system
Oligarchy	-Colonial government -Power in the hands of a small group of rich and influential men
William Lyon Mackenzie	-Radical reformer, leader of the rebellion in Upper Canada -Newspaper – scandals, gossip – “Colonial Advocate”
Representative Government	-Representatives elected on behalf of the people to make laws for them
Executive Council	-Appointed by the Governor; oligarchy -Members part of the ruling elite (Family Compact or Chateau Clique) -Responsible for internal affairs
Colonial Government	-Explain what oligarchy was
Legislative Assembly	-Elected by the people to make laws on their behalf -No real power because of veto - grievance
Responsible Government	-Representatives can be voted out if they fail to please the majority
Crown/Clergy Reserves	-Lands set aside to provide income (through sale or rent) for the government and Church -Commoners displeased – blocked road development and tied up prime land
Lower Canada	-Becomes Quebec -Main language was French
Government	-Understand oligarchy and the diagram on pg. 33 “1791 government”
Upper Canada	-Becomes Ontario -Main language is English
Family Compact	-Ruling elite (wealthy/privileged) of Upper Canada -Part of the oligarchy (one of the councils) – understand grievances
Social Class	-Upper Canada: hard to find cheap, good servants -“Leveled” the social class – younger English settlers forced to do hard labor and rely on their neighbors -Different from their lives in Europe
Land Issues	-Understand land reserves and land speculators -Main issue/grievance in Upper Canada
Roads vs Canals	-Who wanted to build what – Assembly/ordinary people vs. Councils/Oligarchy -Added to grievances
Veto Power	-Governor/Councils had this power -Stopped authority of the Legislative Assembly -Main grievance
Act of Union	-1840 Political union of the Canadas -Inspired by Lord Durham’s Report -Why would the French from Lower Canada be displeased?
Rebellion Losses Bill	-1849 – Compensated Lower Canadians whose property had been damaged during the Rebellions -Saw as a symbolic means to heal wounds; however, some saw this as French domination in the government
Lord Elgin	-Governor of Canada -1848 Responsible Government established and maintained -Major step in Canadian politics

Feb 16 - Upper Canada & Lord Durham

•         December 1837, a rebellion broke out

•         Radical leaders planned attacks  in both colonies, since Britain did not have enough troops to fight back everywhere

•         Wanted an American style democracy – distanced themselves from many English immigrants who saw the U.S. as an enemy

Family Compact

•         Small group of wealthy, powerful men who dominated Upper Canada from the late 18th to mid-19th century

•         Controlled the government (oligarchy) and monopolized political offices

•         Influenced banking, land contracts, education, court and church affairs

•         Opposed American Revolution against Britain

Land Issues

•         Settlers forced  Aboriginals to move off their reserves further inland

•         Best land granted to members of the Family Compact

•         Best farmland in the hands of non-farmers

•         Crown and clergy reserves:

•         Blocks of land set aside to provide income (through sale or rent) for the government and for the Anglican Church

•         2/7 of all land in Upper Canada

•         Scattered and un-cleared throughout the townships

•         Blocked road development

•         Tied up prime, arable land

•         Caused value of land to rise higher

Transportation Issues

•         Road conditions poor and impassable – could not move farmers’ goods and markets

•         Government spent money on canal building instead

•         Benefitted the Family Compact and business friends

Tories

•         Friends and supporters of the Family Compact

•         Known as Conservatives or Tories

•         Wanted to “conserve” existing form of government

•         Opposed change

•         Supported Britain’s point of view and system of government

•         Members of the Executive and Legislative Council

Moderate Reformers

•         Wanted to change system of government through legal means

•         Often influential, well-educated, and Anglican

•         Never wanted to break away from Britain

•         Supported responsible government

•         Hopes squashed by John Russell’s Ten Resolutions and appointment of Sir Francis Bond Head governor 1836

William Lyon Mackenzie

•         Most blunt reformer was William Lyon Mackenzie

•         His newspaper the Colonial Advocate attacked the Family Compact and governor

•         Printed scandals and gossip for all to read

•         Elected to Legislative Assembly and continued fiery attacks on the government

•         Kicked out of the Assembly a number of times

Radical Reformers

•         Wanted change immediately – including through violence

•         Many were restless moderate reformers

•         William Lyon Mackenzie wanted a new and independent government if rebel demands not met

•         Hoped to empower Legislative Assembly

Upper Canada Rebellion

•         Soldiers sent to assist in Lower Canada’s rebellion, Mackenzie decided to strike York (Toronto)

•         Unable to convince widespread support, ordered attack at Montgomery’s Tavern

•         Rebellion short-lived and squashed by Sir Francis Bond Head due to lack of military experience, equipment, and planning

•         Mackenzie fled to the U.S.; many radicals fled here too

•         Arrested by Americans and jailed for 18 months

What happened to the Rebels?

•         Punishment

–        Quick and severe to deter others from rebellion

–        Leaders publicly hung

–        Flogging

–        Convict Ships

•         Transported to the Caribbean or Australia

•         Low-ceiling, cramped

•         Chained to the wall or deck

•         No bathroom facilities

•         Little ventilation

–        Used for slave labour on plantations and projects

Lord Durham

•         John Lambton, the Earl of Durham

•         Aristocrat and reformer politician

•         British appointed him Governor-in-Chief of the Canadas

•         Wanted him to investigate the situation and recommend solutions

•         Arrived in Spring 1838

•         Major Recommendations:

•         Upper Canada and Lower Canada should be united

•         Should grant the colonies responsible government

•         Elected, not appointed by the governor

•         Can be voted out if failed to please the majority

•         Assimilate or anglicize the French majority in Lower Canada

•         Consequences:

•         Act of Union 1840

•         United Upper and Lower Canada

•         Montreal the capital

•         French displeased

•         His goal was to assimilate French into English culture

•         Assimilate: absorb/integrate

•         French did not support or participate the union

•         Responsible government granted in 1848