Prairie Test Key Terms - Test MONDAY

Last battle of NW Rebellion where Riel gets arrested BATOCHE	Riel charged with this – betraying his country TREASON
Riel’s lawyers wanted him to plead not guilty on terms of insanity INSANE	Jury and judge wanted to grant Riel this after he was found guilty; Gov’t refused and hung him CLEMENCY
Create province of Manitoba; French and English official language; 2 education systems; land set aside for the Métis MANITOBA TEST	Piece of paper similar to money; worth $160 or a piece of land; caused Métis to leave because... SCRIP
Métis president in St. Laurent; led battles during NW Rebellion GABRIEL DUMONT	Bison overhunted; led to the Laws of St. Laurent restricting hunting EXTINCTION
Almost pure alcohol traded by the whisky traders to First Nations FIREWATER	Canadian gov’t negotiated with Aboriginals for land titles for Canadian and European settlement ABORIGINAL TREATIES
Conservative leader; developed the National Policy; pushed for the building of the CPR JOHN A. MACDONALD	Financed first part of the railway; established the CPR company which went bankrupt, partly due to the Scandal SIR HUGH ALLAN
Liberal leader; against the building of the railway; frustrated B.C. with his “do-nothing” attitude ALEXANDER MACKENZIE	Changed the CPR route to the south to counter competitors, land speculators, and farm the prairies NEW CPR (CHANGES MADE BY SYNDICATE)
A.B. Rogers searched two years between 1881-82; found passage through the Selkirk Mountains ROGER’S PASS	Led the building of the CPR in the Prairies; highly efficient worker WILLIAM VAN HORNE
Hired in B.C. by Onderdonk to work in the dangerous mountainous passages; terrible conditions and wages CHINESE WORKERS	1885 uprising (or resistance) led by Louis Riel against the Canadian gov’t for the rights of the Métis NORTHWEST REBELLION
Donald Smith, one of the railway architects, drove this in at Craigellechie in the B.C. mountains on Nov. 7, 1885 LAST SPIKE	Father of Manitoba; led the NW Rebellion, Hero or rogue? LOUIS RIEL
Although the Cree joined forces with the Métis in the NW Rebellion; him and his Blackfoot tribe did not because he was a pragmatist POUNDMAKER	Peaceful Cree leader involved in some of the skirmishes during the NW Rebellion; later convicted of treason LOUIS RIEL
1884, Riel and a European farmer drew this up to address grievances of the Métis and form the basis of a new province in the NW METIS BILL OF RIGHTS	First clash between NWMP and the Métis – start of the NW Rebellion DUCK LAKE

Practice Test M/C Answers

1. A
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. C
11. C
12. B
13. C
14. A
15. C
16. D
17. B
18. D
19. C
20. A
21. B
22. A
23. D
24. B
25. B
26. D
27. B
28. D
29. C
30. C
31. A

Review Walkabout Q & A

1.  The Evolution of the Northwest

a.  Give the name for the territory the HBC acquired from Britain in 1670.

RUPERT’S LAND

b.  The HBC “granted” this territory to Selkirk:

ASSINIBOIA – “Selkirk’s Grant”

c.  By the time Riel fled to the United States the territory entered as the fifth the province of Canada.  Name that Province.

MANITOBA

2.  The “Mixed” Ones

a.  What is the ancestry of someone who is Métis?

FRENCH - NATIVE

b.  What is religion are they affiliated with? 

ROMAN CATHOLIC

c.  Identify the name given to the first skirmish between the Métis and Settlers. 

BATTLE OF SEVEN OAKS – 25/28 OF THE SETTLERS KILLED; 1 METIS DIED
3.  Freedom Fighter or Terrorist?

a.  Identify the name of the above individual.

LOUIS RIEL – FATHER OF MANITOBA;LED THE RED RIVER REBELLION (METIS MOVEMENT)

b.  What was his occupation?

LAWYER

c.  Explain TWO reasons why the Orange Order despised him.

THEY WERE ANTI-FRENCH, ANTI-CATHOLIC

4.  Red River Colony/Merger

a.  To ensure their food supply, the colony’s leader placed a ban on what?  This was called?

PEMMICAN PROCLAMATION;

b.  In the 1860s, the group that created social tensions in the Red River Settlement were:

The Métis, Americans, or Canadians?

c.  TWO reasons for the HBC & NWC merger.

FINANCIAL PROBLEMS > BEAVER RESOURCES WERE DEPLETED; LAWSUITS

5.  Red River Rebellion A

a.     Who was Dr. John Christian Schultz?
CANADIAN SETTLER/IMMIGRANT

b.     How did he insult the Métis?
-ANTI-METIS VIEWS IN HIS NEWSPAPER HE TOOK OVER CALLED THE NOR’WESTER
-BIGOT IN THE NEWSPAPER

c. What was the Provisional Government?
TEMPORARY GOV’T CREATED BY LOUIS RIEL; MAINTAIN CONTROL OF THE RED RIVER COLONY

d.      What was the purpose of the Métis National Committee and the Métis List of Rights?
-PRESERVE/PROTECT METIS RIGHTS
-DOCUMENT/LIST STAYING THEIR RIGHTS/GRIEVANCES

6.  Red River Rebellion B

a.  Give TWO reasons why Thomas Scott was murdered.

-THREATENED TO KILL LOUIS RIEL (WHILE IN PRISON)
-ANTI-METIS

b.  Do you think his death was justified?

-

c. Rumors spread that Thomas Scott was a Protestant:

Thief, Traitor, or Martyr?

d. Louis Riel fled to the U.S. after this incident because… he was scared for his life after the Thomas Scott incident.

Birth of Manitoba Review

 Make sure you can respond to the following:
1. Compare and contrast HBC and NWC.
2. Why did the two companies merge?
3. Explain the causes and consequence of the Battle of Seven Oaks.
4. Explain the causes, events and consequence of the Red River Rebellion.

Match the correct term  to its explanation.

HBC	NWC
STAY BY THE BAY	ICE-FREE
MONTREALERS	VOYAGEURS
PORTAGE	MIDDLEMEN
DISEASE	METIS
MARRIAGE	JOHN CHRISTIAN SCHULTZ
BISON HUNT	LORD SELKIRK
ASSINIBOIA TERRITORY	CROFTERS
PEMMICAN PROCLAMATION	BATTLE OF SEVEN OAKS
MERGER	RUPERT’S LAND PURCHASE
ORANGE ORDER	LOUIS RIEL
PROVISIONAL GOV’T Fur trading company founded in 1670 by Radisson and Groseilliers	THOMAS SCOTT Fur trading company founded in 1783 by the Montrealers
HBC used this policy – only trading around the Hudson Bay	From July to mid-September; fur-trading companies traded swiftly because of this
Group of English merchants from Montreal; expanded trading networks in the interior and merged to form the NWC	Someone who acts as a dealer between two parties who want to exchange goods  i.e. First Nations
To carry from one body of water to another	The NWC employed them to provide muscle power to paddle canoes and carry cargo
The NWC encouraged this between the First Nations and their traders to ensure trading loyalty; however, the HBC forbade this	Arrived in the RR colony in 1860; took over the newspaper NorWester and spread anti-Métis views
Seasonal event done by the Métis to provide meats, hides, and pemmican; sense of community, pride and discipline	In 1811, obtained a large parcel of land for the Scottish Highlanders (crofters) in the Red River Valley to colonize
The territory in “Selkirk’s Grant”	Also known as Scottish Highlanders- poor tenant farmers
To ensure the RR colonists had a food supply; banned the sale and export of pemmican; outraged the Métis	In 1816, the Métis killed Semple and 25 of his men at this battle
In 1821, the two fur trading companies did this because of financial troubles (lawsuits and depletion of beavers)	In 1869, the Canadian government took control of this land from the HBC; the Métis unhappy
A violently anti-French, anti-Catholic movement	Father of Manitoba; led the Red River Rebellion
A temporary government	Executed by Riel and his provisional gov’t; rumours spread that he was a Protestant martyr

March 16 Notes The Metis

• In the last decades of the 18^th century, the NWC traders began pushing deeper into the Northwest.
  
  
• They began wintering in their trading areas and staying with local groups of Native peoples.
  
  
• Both the NWC and the Native peoples encouraged marriage between the fur  trader and Native daughters.
  
  
• The NWC thought this would help ensure trading loyalty and the Native elders thought it advantageous to have.
  
  
• Wives of fur traders enjoyed an improved standard of living and their lives were generally easier than those of most women.

PAGE 140

·         The marriages were important social events. 

• Traders would ask the father of the intended bride for permission to marry and would pay the young woman’s father a sum of money.
  
  
• In contrast to the NWC, the HBC forbade its employees to marry.
  
  
• The HBC was concerned about supporting too many
  dependents.
  
  
• The HBC attempted to enforce a policy of celibacy, which is abstinence from sexual relationships (definition of term).
  
  
• Isolation in the remote northern environment, however, led to several marriages.

Page 140, Second Paragraph

• By the early 19^th century, a lot of people living in the Northwest were of European-Native ancestry.
  
  
• A new culture gradually evolved and later generations began to think of themselves as a distinct people.
  
  
• By about 1810, they began using the term Métis, which is from the French word meaning mixed.
  
  
• “Country-born” were people with Native and Scottish or Native and British ancestry.
  
  
• The Métis spoke French and Algonkian, or a dialect that combined the two languages.
  
  
• Their religion was usually Roman Catholic (same as most Europeans at the time).
  
  
• Most Métis lived in the Red River Valley.

PAGE 141

• The Métis used a long-standing French custom for their farms called seigneurial pattern. 
  
  
• The definition of this term is: long-lot patterns of the seigneuries of New France
  
  
• By the 1820s, this had become a seasonal event: bison hunt. This took place in the early summer and autumn
  
  
• It provided the Métis with: 1. meat, 2. Bison hides, and 3. pemmican(made of meat and fat)
  
  
• This was a spectacular event that involved the whole community.
  
  
• Métis women, men, and children set out across the prairie in Red River carts, which were a two-wheeled cart used on the prairie. (definition)
  
  
• The Métis used two types of horses: saddle horses and buffalo runners. 
  
  
• The first type pulled the carts until the herd was spotted.
   
• The second type were fast, responsive horses that had been trained exclusively to hunt bison.
  
  
• The riders guided the horses by knee pressure, since both hands would be busy loading muzzle loaders with gunpowder and shot.  These were any firearm loaded through the muzzle (definition of the term)

PAGE 141 – RULES OF THE BISON HUNT

• The hunt was something like a military expedition.
  
  
• The captain of the hunt, who was elected by the hunters before the party left, was in command.
  
  
• The captain would often organize different troops of hunters, each having its own  captain.
  
  
• Read all of the rules and choose one of interest.

PAGE 142

• The hunt was extremely dangerous because: 1. Guns could explode, 2. Horses could trip and fall because of gopher holes, 3. Pointed horns of bison could swing unexpectedly
  
  
• In 1851, a small Métis hunting party was attacked by 1000 to 2000 Sioux warriors.
  
  
• For 3 days, 64 Métis fighters held off charge after charge, and the Sioux retreated.
  
  
• The bison hunt fostered in them a strong sense of community, pride, and discipline.
  
  
• This would have profound implications for the Métis in the later 19^th century.

March 15 Notes - The Fur Trade: HBC, NWC, First Nations

Hudson Bay Company

•         Founded in 1670

•         Radisson and Groseillier’s explored region beyond New France

•         Returned with furs – pitched to King Charles II to back up their business

•         Claimed the area around Hudson Bay – named Rupert’s Land

•         “Stay by the Bay”

•         Did not want to risk sending traders inland

•         Encouraged Aboriginal traders/trappers to come

•         Standard of Trade was strict/little room for bargaining

•         Hierarchy

•         Bosses in London, England

•         Shipped furs directly to and from England

•         Carried out swiftly because Hudson Bay is ice-free only from July to mid-September

•         York Boat

•         Developed by 1750

•         Double-ended wooden boat

•         13 metres long, either rowed or
sailed

•         3000-6000 kilograms cargo

•         Heavy, so difficult to portage

•         Portage

•         Unloaded and carried to another body of water

•         If rapids or waterfalls made a river impassable

Northwest Company

•         Founded in 1783 – rivals of HBC

•         “Montrealers”

–        Group of English merchants from Montreal

–        Seized French fur trade

–        Expanded trading networks and merged to create NWC

•         Geographic reasons

–        Built posts inland -Montreal too far for Natives to travel

–        Established major trade depot at Fort William

•         Similar to HBC – had to trade swiftly short ice-free season

•         Less rigid and bossy than the HBC

•         Hivernants (wintering partners)

–        Did the actual fur trading

•         Voyageurs

–        Muscle power to paddle canoes and carry cargo

–        Mapped new areas and established new trading posts

–        More relaxed in trading standards – willing to bargain and even sold alcohol (HBC refused)

•         Canots du nord

–        7 meters long and a meter
wide

–        1500 kilogram cargo

–        Paddled by six

•         Canots de maitre

–        11 meters long and 1.5 meters
wide

–        4000 kilograms

–        Crewed by 12

First Nations

•         Four nations – the Ojibwa, the Assiniboin, the Cree, and the Chipewyan

•         Middlemen – acts as a dealer between two parties who want to exchange goods

•         Fur Trade Disrupted their way of life

•         Rivalry/competition forced full-time trappers to abandon yearly cycle of fishing, hunting, and preserving food

•         Clash of different cultures (i.e. Religion, work ethic)

•         Europeans exposed them to diseases – smallpox & measles

•         Outbreak 1780-82 killed off much of the Chipewyans & Cree populations