Immigration Key Terms | Definition & Significance |
Settlers | -From Great Britain, U.S., Ireland, Scotland, other European countries -Left for adventure, better opportunities, ran from religious or political prosecution |
Debt | -Pioneers owed huge debts to merchants because they mortgaged (loaned) their crops for supplies -It took years to raise a crop and make money |
Social Class | -Upper Canada: “leveled” people; changed their priority -Many younger children of English aristocrats had to do labor (unlike in Europe where there is overpopulation and servants easy to come by) -Most settlers needed their neighbors; settled and socialized no matter what background |
Romanticize | -To make something look good, satisfying -The “promising” advertisements that lured immigrants to Canada |
Immigration | -Term for newcomers to Canada -The Great Migration 1815-1850 |
Land Speculators | -Bought property at a low price and sold at a higher price -Many were part of the Family Compact -Kept land off the market; laws of supply and demand -Farmers complained about high-cost of land or no available land |
Coffin Ships | -A death ship; dead bodies thrown overboard -Immigrant settlers in the steerage -Died from disease |
Steerage | -Below deck, where cargo normally stored -Immigrants during the Great Migration put here |
Underground Railroad | -Above ground escape routes for American Black slaves -Used to escape slavery and immigrate to Canada from U.S. |
Scottish Highlanders | -Tenant farmers/Immigrants from Scotland -Driven from their land -Landlords eager to replace them with sheep to supply factories with wool |
Great Britain | -Most immigrants from Scotland, Ireland, England |
Overcrowded | -Describe “steerage” on coffin ships |
Townships | -Areas set aside for settlement -Eastern Townships – the region of south central Quebec between Montreal and Quebec City |
Upper Canada | -“Up” the St. Lawrence River; part of present-day Ontario -Main language was English |
Tenant Farmers | -Farmers who worked on the land owned by another -From Ireland and Scotland -Immigrated as a change to own a farm and escape their country’s class system |
Great Britain | -Country where the majority of immigrants came from -Upper and Lower Canada were colonies of Great Britain in the 19th century |
Food | -“The Immigrant Experience” -British and French ships made them cook their meals -German ships cooked them meals -What type of foods did they eat? |
Bunks | -Forced to share with strangers, female or male -What is a donkey’s breakfast? |
Cholera | -Water-borne disease that caused many immigrant deaths on the coffin ships |
Overcrowded | -“The Immigrant Experience” -What was its consequence on the coffin ships? |
Bathroom Facilities | -“The Immigrant Experience” -1 in every 100 people shared a bathroom; usually on-deck, so unable to go if it was very bad weather -Increased disease and illness |
Loyalists | -Americans who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution -Forced to immigrate and settle to Canada -Most became members of the Family Compact |
Slavery | -Upper Canada became a refuge for Black Americans escaping slavery -“The Underground Railroad” -Few found acceptance in Canada – settled in remote areas |
Industrial Revolution | -Period of major growth from the 18th-19th century -Forced English to immigrate to Canada; replaced by machines |
Mortgage | -To use as security on a loan -“Pioneer Life” -Families struggled with debt to merchants; mortgaged their crops to obtain supplies |
Clearing Land | -First task for pioneers -Not enough good land available -Took a family 20 or more years to clear a 25-hectare farm |
Irish Potato Famine | -Irish immigrants driven from their land -From 1845-9 their potato crops were destroyed by disease -Potatoes were their main food source |
Horses/Oxen | -What do you think people used these for? Transportation? Labor? |
Oil Parchment | -Used for windows in homes -Translucent, but not transparent |
Church | -Important aspect of the pioneer life and communities -Clergy members travelled to communities for lessons -The Anglican Church had clergy reserves, which were lands set aside to provide income -These reserves blocked road development, causing much grief for settlers – caused value of land to rise even higher |
Aboriginals | -Conflicted with the pioneers who wanted to settle their lands -Pushed further inland to settle -Involved in the fur trade struggle between two major companies: Hudson’s Bay Company vs. Northwest Company |
Reserves | -Value of land depended on supply and demand -Land speculators kept huge parcels of land off the market -The less good land that is available, the higher its value |
Fiddle | -Musical instrument -Used at occasional parties or important social events such as weddings and christenings -Aspect of pioneer social life |
Rebellion Key Terms | Definition & Significance |
Union | -1822 Union Bill of Upper and Lower Canada -Outraged French-speaking majority of Lower Canada -Would place them in a position of minority in the new Parliament |
Aristocrats | -People of the highest social class in society -Privileged landowners; maintained ties with British government -Family Compact & Chateau Clique |
Revolt | -Renounce allegiance or subjection to the government -Reformers revolted in both Upper and Lower Canada |
Moderate Reformer | -Wanted change through legal means -Never wanted to break away from Britain -Supported Responsible government |
Lord Durham | -Governor-in-Chief of the Canadas -Investigated the situation and recommended solutions -Durham’s Report: Union, Responsible Gov, Assimilate the French |
Skirmish | -An unorganized battle -British government vs. insurgents (rebels) |
Radical Reformer | -Wanted change immediately through violence -Wanted new and independent government -The rebels in the Canadas |
Public Meetings | -Campaigns by rebellion leaders to gain widespread support |
92 Resolutions | -1834 document drafted by Louis-Joseph Papineau -Long series of demands for political reforms -Government responds with Ten Resolutions, forcing reformers to rebel |
Patriotes | -French-speaking reformers in Lower Canada -Led by Papineau |
Ten Resolutions | -Government’s response to the 92 Resolutions -Denied the rights of the Legislative Assembly and ordinary people |
Louis Joseph Papineau | -Leader of the French-speaking Reformers (Patriotes) in Lower Canada -Led attacks on English-speaking Chateau Clique -Led the Rebellion in Lower Canada |
Education | -Part of social class -Educated settlers from Europe remained loyal to Britain |
Tory | -Friends and supporters of the Family Compact -Known as Conservatives to conserve existing form of government -Opposed change; supported British government |
Governor | -Appointed by the British king -Appointed members to the councils -Part of the oligarchy |
Role of the Church (LC) | -Brought communities together for lessons -Disapproved of armed rebellion, so many Patriotes refused to fight – one reason for its failure |
Chateau Clique | -Ruling elite (wealthy/high social class) in Lower Canada -Part of the oligarchy |
Seigneurial System | -Farming system from New France -French-speaking inhabitants in Lower Canada wanted to preserve this system -Felt threatened by the English’s landholding system |
Oligarchy | -Colonial government -Power in the hands of a small group of rich and influential men |
William Lyon Mackenzie | -Radical reformer, leader of the rebellion in Upper Canada -Newspaper – scandals, gossip – “Colonial Advocate” |
Representative Government | -Representatives elected on behalf of the people to make laws for them |
Executive Council | -Appointed by the Governor; oligarchy -Members part of the ruling elite (Family Compact or Chateau Clique) -Responsible for internal affairs |
Colonial Government | -Explain what oligarchy was |
Legislative Assembly | -Elected by the people to make laws on their behalf -No real power because of veto - grievance |
Responsible Government | -Representatives can be voted out if they fail to please the majority |
Crown/Clergy Reserves | -Lands set aside to provide income (through sale or rent) for the government and Church -Commoners displeased – blocked road development and tied up prime land |
Lower Canada | -Becomes Quebec -Main language was French |
Government | -Understand oligarchy and the diagram on pg. 33 “1791 government” |
Upper Canada | -Becomes Ontario -Main language is English |
Family Compact | -Ruling elite (wealthy/privileged) of Upper Canada -Part of the oligarchy (one of the councils) – understand grievances |
Social Class | -Upper Canada: hard to find cheap, good servants -“Leveled” the social class – younger English settlers forced to do hard labor and rely on their neighbors -Different from their lives in Europe |
Land Issues | -Understand land reserves and land speculators -Main issue/grievance in Upper Canada |
Roads vs Canals | -Who wanted to build what – Assembly/ordinary people vs. Councils/Oligarchy -Added to grievances |
Veto Power | -Governor/Councils had this power -Stopped authority of the Legislative Assembly -Main grievance |
Act of Union | -1840 Political union of the Canadas -Inspired by Lord Durham’s Report -Why would the French from Lower Canada be displeased? |
Rebellion Losses Bill | -1849 – Compensated Lower Canadians whose property had been damaged during the Rebellions -Saw as a symbolic means to heal wounds; however, some saw this as French domination in the government |
Lord Elgin | -Governor of Canada -1848 Responsible Government established and maintained -Major step in Canadian politics |
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